Automobile and Toyota Company Essay

1. Toyota has built a huge manufacturing company that can produce millions of cars each year for a wide variety of consumers. Why was it able to grow so much bigger than any other auto manufacturer? The Toyota Company grow so much bigger than any other auto manufacture because of the act according to preference of the customer Market segment. Toyota Company produce large range of subcompacts to luxury and sports vehicles to SUVs, trucks, minivans, and buses. They segment their product according to need of customer. They create their market segment. They produce Scion car that is target the teenage and it becomes famous among the teenage. 2. Has Toyota done the right thing by manufacturing a car brand for everyone? Why or why not? I think Toyota Company done the right thing by manufacturing a car brand for everyone. They manufacture a really great range of exciting new cars which will open people’s eyes and minds. They analyze what a customer need and develop the same feature automobile in the comparable price. They divide their market segment. In the market there are different people with different perception. Toyota prove they produce wide variety of the auto that will use by different types of customer. They try to develop the auto according to the customer perception. They want to satisfy each customer. The price range of the Toyota Company is lies very expensive to inexpensive. Toyota automobile are in the reach of middle class to high class such that the user of the Toyota automobile are very much higher than other automobile company. Toyota understands that each country defines perfection differently. 3. Did Toyota grow too quickly as Toyota suggested? What should the company do over thenext year, 5 years, or 10 years? How can growing companies avoid quality problems in the future? Toyota Company grows too quickly as their suggested. Toyota is integrating its assembly plants around the world into a single giant network. They do customize on the car according to the need of the customer. Toyota’s need to keep their product’s selection and quality superior to their competition. Toyota company are become one of the successful manufacturing company due to  their consistent quality. They have to maintain their performance quality. Whether they customized the car or develop new model according to customer need they need to maintain same core quality all around the world. They need to maintain reliability on automobile. The same superior quality and dependable should be maintaining. The design of the automobile should be unique and while developing new model design car they need to maintain core material as same. They need to customize regular according to the customer. They need to maintain extraordinary look for each model. Such that it will look very distinctive than competitor. They need to produce high quality and high specific design automobile. They need to give services after the purchasing the product and more ever they have to delivery every item in the time. They need to create more value of automobile by giving some of the discount or either by various services. They need to provide e-support for their customer and they need to update their information through the media. As we know people perfection are different according to the geographic area. A great product by itself is not enough so the Toyota need to advertise themselves according to customer perfection at that place. They need to make market strategy differently in different country. The Toyota Company is giving Guaranteed Auto Protection to their customer. They need to keep it up.

Forecasting and New Car Registrations

1. There are 3 primary ways to achieve competitive advantage. Provide an example, not included in the text of each. Support your choices. 2. Why should one study operations management? 3. Explain how higher quality can lead to lower cost. 4. What happens to our ability to forecast as we forecast for periods farther into the future? 5. What are the differences between goods and services? 6. Explain the 3 basic functions of a firm. 7. How must an operation strategy interact with marketing and accounting? 8.Kleen carpet cleaned 65 rags in October, consuming the following resources: Labor Solvent Machine rental520 hours at $13 per hour 100 gallons at $5 per gallon 20 days at $50 per day a)What is the labor productivity? b)What is the multifactor productivity? c)What is the percentage change if Kleen Carpet can reduce the solvent used by 20 gallons? 9. Data collected on the yearly registration for a seminar at GIPS are shown in the following table: Year 1234567891011 Registrations (000)46 4510879121415 a)Develop a 3-year moving average to forecast registration from year 4 to year 12. )Estimate demands again for years 4 to 12 with a weighted moving average in which registration in the most recent year are given a weight of 2 and registration in the other 2 years are given a weight of 1. c)Graph the original data and the two forecasts. Which of the two forecasting methods seems better? 10. City Government has collected the following data on annual sales tax collections and new car registrations. Annual sales tax collections (in millions)1. 01. 41. 92. 01. 82. 12. 3 New car registrations ( in thousands)10121516141720 Determine the following )The least square regression equation. b)Use the results of part a, find the estimated sales tax collections if new car registrations total 22,000. 11. How does the operation management strategy change during a product's lifecycle? 12. How does fear in the work place or class room inhibit learning? 13. What is the difference between production and productivity? 14. Pepsi is a global product; does it mean Pepsi is formulated the same way throughout the world? 15. Identify how changes in the internal environment affect the OM strategy for a company.For instance discuss what impact the following internal factors might have on OM strategy: a)Maturing of a product. b)Technology innovation in the manufacturing process. c)Changes in product design that move disk drives from 3 1/2-inch floppy disks to CD-ROM drives. 16. Identify how changes in the external environment affect the OM strategy for a company. For instance discuss what impact the following internal factors might have on OM strategy: a)Major increase in oil prices. b)Fewer young prospective employees entering the market. c)Inflation versus stable prices. d)Legislation moving health insurance from a benefit to a

Arnolds Works and Hidden Radicalism In Them

Arnold's Works and Hidden Radicalism In Them Matthew Arnold was born in 1822 in Laleham-on-Thames in Middlesex County, England. Due to some temporary childhood leg braces, (Machann, 1) and a competitiveness within the large family of nine (Culler xxi) young Matthew earned the nickname Crabby. His disposition was described as active, but since his athletic pursuits were somewhat hindered by this correction of a bent leg (Machann 1), intellectual pursuits became more accessible to him. This may have led him to a literary career, but both his parents were literary (his mother wrote occasional verse and kept a journal, Machann 1) and scholarly, also, and this may have been what helped to accomplish the same aim. His father, Thomas Arnold, was a celebrated educator and headmaster of Rugby School, to which Matthew matriculated. He later attended Oxford, and, after a personal secretary-ship to Lord Lansdowne (Machann, 19) he was appointed Inspector of Schools. He spent most of his adult life traveling around England and sometimes the continent observing and reporting on the state of public schools, and his prose on education and social issues continues to be examined today (Machann xi). He also held the Chair of Poetry at Oxford for ten years, and wrote extensive literary criticism (Culler, xxii). Arnold is probably best known today for this passage of his honeymoon-written (Machann, 31) Dover Beach, the only poem of Arnolds which may be called very famous. This is the last stanza of the poem. Ah, love, let us be true To one another! For the world, which seems To lie before us like a land of dreams, So various, so beautiful, so new, Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain; And we are here a on a darkling plain Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, Where ignorant armies clash by night. (Strand and Boland, 185-186) This poem, a love poem doubtless, in the end directs us to a love beyond all earthly love, and a rejection of the world as a place of illusions. Religion was the central idea of Arnolds life, but he thought that poetry was an excellent, and, in fact, vital part of the new society, which he thought absolutely necessary to understanding the spiritual component of life. He wrote in his The Study of Poetry, But for poetry the idea is everything; the rest is a world of illusion, of divine illusion. Poetry attaches its emotion to the idea; the idea is the fact. The strongest part of our religion to-day is its unconscious poetry. (463), and We should conceive of [poetry] as capable of higher uses, and called to higher destinies, than those which in general men have assigned to it hitherto. More and more mankind will discover that we have to turn to poetry to interpret life for us, to console us, and to sustain us. (464). So this poet, who was actually not primarily a professional poet for a large part of his life, but instead accomplished all of his great poetic feats during his time off from his employment inspecting schools (Britannica article), argued that poetry was of paramount importance to everyone, and necessary for spiritual health. What kind of poetry would a man like this write? He naturally excelled at lyric and elegy (Schmidt 486,) but he really thought the truly impersonal epics the classic virtues of unity, impersonality, universality, and architectonic power and upon the value of the classical masterpieces (Britannica article) were the highest form and the best model of poetry. He wrote some long dramatic and narrative poems, such as Empedocles on Etna Sohrab and Rustum, and Tristram and Iseult, with classical and legendary themes. He had a classical education at Rugby and Oxford, but distanced himself from the classics (though he thought of them as being the bastion of sanity (Schm idt 486,) but he was also the first Poetry chair at Oxford to deliver his lectures in English instead of Latin (Culler, xxii)). He gave a lecture On Translating Homer, but in it refused to translate it himself, and instead provided criticism on the latest two translations. He was very religious, but also was critical of the established religions of his Victorian time, and wrote most of what now passes with us for religion and philosophy will be replaced by poetry (Harmon, 464,) which must have been a somewhat shocking claim in his time coming from a man employed in more than one capacity to mold young minds. He was a product of his time, but had deep personal reservations about the state of his world. His poetry has been criticized, even his greatest poems, as being an allegory of the state of his own mind. (Culler, xvii). His talents appear to have lain in the personal poems the lyric and the elegy, such as Dover Beach, but his ambitions perhaps lay in what he considered a higher form of poetry the epic. Empedocles on Etna, for example, doesnt have the immediacy and the musicality of Dover Beach or even his famous (at the time) sonnet Shakespeare: Others abide our question. Thou art free. We ask and ask Thou smilest and art still, Out-topping knowledge. For the loftiest hill, Who to the stars uncrown his majesty, Planting his steadfast footsteps in the sea, Making the heaven of heavens his dwelling-place, Spares but the cloudy border of his base To the foild searching of mortality; And thou, who didst the stars and sunbeams know, Self-schoold, self-scannd, self-honourd, self-secure, Didst tread on earth unguessd at. Better so! All pains the immortal spirit must endure, All weakness which impairs, all griefs which bow, Find their sole speech in that victorious brow. (Culler 26) This poem has the fourteen lines of a sonnet, and the final rhyming couplet, but has additional stanza breaks that Shakespeares sonnets did not. Perhaps in this kind of laudatory poetry (perhaps imitating the original form of classical elegies, which were replete with flatteries) Arnold didnt think he was worthy to directly imitate his subjects sonnet form. This example of Arnolds poetry shows his mastery of language even awkward constructions like Self-schoold, self-scannd, self-honord, self-secure trip off the tongue and make sense without seeming simplistic. He uses some of Shakespeares language (didst, thou,) but doesnt make this sound like a piece of Elizabethan poetry, either. He brings the reader to think about what in Shakespeare he or she might have read that is out-topping knowledge. The comparison in the second stanza is definitely classical in origin (perhaps the Colossus of Rhodes, or the battles of the Titans and the gods in Greek mythology), showing Shakespeare metaph orically large enough to stand on earth and live in heaven. We humans on earth can only contemplate his lower parts, his base (Machann says that it is an image of Shakespeare as a lofty mountain, 15.) It is a good way of capturing the wonder and mystery of great art. We ask and ask, as Arnold says, be we dont fully understand a masterpiece or how its creator made it. Also, its just self-conscious enough to show Arnolds modesty about his own talent. He doesnt put himself in the class with Shakespeare, or with Homer or writers of the other classical epics. He hasnt quite reconciled himself, I think, to the idea that the future of poetry lay in the personal, which was a kind of poetry he himself was able to write very well. Arnolds poetry, especially his lyrics and elegies, are often interesting and thought-provoking. His mastery of English is complete, and his diction shows his full Latin and Greek education, with the deep understanding of the origin of Latinate English words. But he does not shy away from good Anglo-Saxon words, either, like Shakespeare does not, and is fully able to use both high-flown language (such as in Empedocles on Etna, These rumblings are not Typhos groans, I know!/These angry smoke-bursts/Are not the passionate breath/Of the mountain-crushd, tortured, intractable Titan king, Culler 65) and very simple, lovely images, such as stars and sunbeams know. His elegy Memorial Verses to Wordsworth is considered one of the best elegies in English. (Schmidt, 485) Arnold was a product of his time the old Victorian world of religion and classical education but he also anticipated the new modern focus on self-choice and the value placed on the personal. He was a poetic talent with a flair for thoughtful poems, with the ability to create beautiful and lasting images. Works cited: Machann, C. Matthew Arnold: A Literary Life, New York: St Martins Press, 1998 Arnold, Matthew. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 8 Oct. 2006 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009580. Culler, A. D., Ed., Poetry and Criticism of Matthew Arnold, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1961. Strand, M., and Boland, E., Eds., The Making of a Poem, New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2000 Harmon, W. Ed., Classic Writings on Poetry, New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. Schmidt, M. The Lives of the Poets, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999

Compensation and Benefits Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compensation and Benefits - Research Paper Example Paychecks are based on the number of hours worked by the employee after deduction of applicable taxes. Salary ranges depend upon the position and place of work of the employee. The places where employees can work are global as Best Buy has hundreds of stores in North America, European Union and Asia (Best Buy 2011) Appendix 2 shows that in North America, Best Buy has 1099 stores in USA, 71 stores in Canada and 6 stores in Mexico. Best Buy mobile has 177 stores in USA and 10 stores in Canada. Pacific Sales has 35 stores in USA. Magnolia has 6 stores in USA and Future Shop has 146 stores in Canada. Similarly there are several stores in UK, Ireland, Spain, France, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and Belgium in European Union. China has 166 stores. The quantum and size of stores give ample opportunities of employment for people all around the world (Best Buy 2011) The professional-development program provides learning opportunities through its award winning website â€Å"LearningLounge†. Appendix 3 shows that 93% of the retail employees benefited from it by spending more than one million hours participating in over 4.3 million courses and achieving 406,000 certifications. Similarly employees received nearly 10 million dollars in tuition reimbursement (Best Buy 2011) Programs for retirement, paid-time off and health care are developed based on the world wide places where employees are employed. Through enterprise-wise surveys, continuous efforts are made to improve the Employee Satisfaction Index (ESI) by way of taking measures based on suggestions given by the employees (Best Buy 2011) The inspired work place offers clear communication amongst the employees, vendors and stake holders complying with the requirements of law. The ethical standards and values are enforced throughout the company after clear communication. The website â€Å"Ethics at Best Buy† provides opportunities to customers, community members and employees to

Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Law of Evidence - Essay Example verse to Duane’s interests and on this basis, the prosecution counsel can contradict by introducing prior oral statements that are inconsistent with the oral testimony provided in the Court2. In order to argue successfully in favor of admitting evidence, the Prosecution will be required to prove that: The major issue the Prosecution will have to prove is therefore the question of whether the evidence of the character of WPC Kite is relevant to the subject matter of the proceedings regarding Diane. The Prosecution could argue that the substance of WPC’s confessions should be admitted as important hearsay evidence on grounds of its relevance in understanding the probative value of the statements in understanding other evidence in the case.3 Further grounds they could use to argue for admission of WPC’s statements are the general provisions for admission of confessions4 admissions by agents5 or by utilizing the provision that â€Å"a statement made by a party to a common enterprise is admissible against another party to the enterprise as evidence of any matter stated.†6 Moreover, since the statements of WPC Kite in Court will be inconsistent with his oral admissions to Duane in the car, this could provide additional grounds for the Prosecution to seek that such evidence be admitted.7 They could argue that since the testimony that WPC Kite will be offering in Court is likely to contravene the Defendant Duane’s assertion that he made unsolicited admissions in the car on the way to the police station, the admission of those oral evidence may be justified in providing evidence of his character and the fact that he did indeed make those statements. 2. In the event Duane wishes to resist the admission of such evidence, the major argument that can be offered is the lack of relevance of WPC’s criminal record in the issue of her theft indictment. For example, in the case of Funderburk8, the issue in question was whether the defendant had sexually assaulted the

Power Relations Effect Different Actors in A Supply Chain of Oil Essay

Power Relations Effect Different Actors in A Supply Chain of Oil Industry - Essay Example In his article, he considers Michael Porter’s concept and argues that this model, while it may seem when considered from a business manager point of view, seems to work but fails in terms of wider economics because, in real economic structures, other factors such as power play and influent has an effect on the value chain (Henderson, 1999). Oil supply has had a history of the power play as seen in the example of the seven sisters who were a consortium of seven companies based in the Middle East and who dominated the oil industry for over thirty years since the 1940s. Countries have vested interest in oil supply chain as a way to make sure that they can be able to sustain their economies (Bridge & Le, 2013). According to oil and energy experts, over ten calories of oil energy are used for the production of just one calorie of food energy. The energy in form of fertilizers, energy for farm equipment, chemicals packaging for farm pesticides etc also adds up to over ten calories o f energy to produce just one calorie of food. The same oil is also needed to power other areas of the economy, such as transportation and communication equipment. In most countries, the defence department depends on oil for over 70% of its operations. This leads to the concept of energy security. Energy security refers to the security related to the availability, or lack thereof, of oil energy. This brings in a lot of power play in the supply chain. The role of political power in the oil supply chain is much that there is even speculation that the reason why the United States has continually attacked the Middle East is for the purse of getting the oil reserves in this region. The same theory has been applied in the attack and killing of the leader of Libya, Muammar Gadaffi. Whether these conspiracy theories are valid or not, the truth remains that political power play is a major factor in oil supply chains.

Evaluation of DHS's Ethics, Cooperation, Leadership, and Legal Research Paper

Evaluation of DHS's Ethics, Cooperation, Leadership, and Legal Decisions - Research Paper Example Investigations by the DHS are still ongoing, while other stakeholders in the incident representing the government have taken preventive measures. For example, Mungin & Brady (2013) write that Connecticut governor, Dannel Malloy signed a law increasing the number of guns banned by the state. In addition, background checks are to be conducted on all gun purchases, and schools allocated 15 million U.S dollars to improve their security. Parents of the murdered children, as well as other residents of Connecticut welcomed the law and called for tougher regulations to curb illegal gun possession (Mungin & Brady, 2013). On 16th April 2013, two bombs exploded at the finish line of the Boston marathon, killing three people and injuring 100 others. Two brothers were suspected of being behind the bombings and one is in custody, while the other was shot dead in a shootout with police, when the latter were looking for the suspect. According to Homeland Security (2013), Mr. McCaul, the chairman of the House Homeland Security Committee, the two brothers appear to have received help in planning the attack. The sophistication of the devices used and the timing of the attack led to this conclusion. Accordingly, investigations into the attack cover areas outside the U.S, particularly Pakistan and Afghanistan. On its part, the federal government pledged to get to the bottom of the matter, but president Obama avoided terming the attacks as â€Å"terrorism†. To the public, a day of celebrations turned tragic, especially considering that the marathoners had paid tribute to the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting at the beginning of the race. According to the Center for Public Integrity’s article by Fred Schulte on â€Å"ATF’s struggle to close down firearm dealers† (2013), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) does a shoddy job inspecting dealers. Apparently, ATF inspectors may delay to inspect a dealer for as long as eight years and when they do, the inspection is not thorough enough. In cases where inspectors find dealers to have violated gun laws and revoke the dealer’s licenses, the latter usually appeals revocation. This process drags in the courts for years and meanwhile, dealers pass their business over to relatives or turn them into â€Å"personal† collection, which does not require background checks. Probably, this is the reason why people like Adam Lanza owned guns capable of killing more than 26 people in 5 minutes. There is no telling how many more people own guns illegally, and how safe the U.S citizens are. A second article by Berlow on â€Å"current gun debate may not help beleaguered ATF† addresses how the congress has played a role in ATF’s failure to control weapon use, particularly in conducting investigations. It also addresses the fact that the agency lacks funds to run operations smoothly. In addition, the current laws are too weak to recognize the role of TF in cases involving gun trafficking. Leadership influences The leadership of DHS is hierarchical in structure, headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security, who is appointed by the President, with the consent of the senate. The Deputy Secretary comes second, followed by Under Secretaries and Assistant Secretaries who head different departments. This style of leadership allows for the formation of mechanism to assess risks, and allocate funds for countering terrorism.

Explain the purpose of the Proclamation of 1763. Was the Proclamation Term Paper

Explain the purpose of the Proclamation of 1763. Was the Proclamation Effective Why or why not. How did colonials, native, and the British react to both the Proclamation and its effects - Term Paper Example These regions included the New England colonies, Southern colonies and Middle colonies. The New England included Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. Southern colonies included Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia. The middle colonies include New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania (Fishkin, 2009). The southern colonies relied on tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton. Due to the increased demand of labor, they resulted to slavery as a cheap source of labor. The southern colonies exercised royalty to their king, and vested all authority on him. In addition, they practiced proprietary. The southern colonies social welfare consisted of two classes. A free class of people existed along side the increasing number of slaves. According to Fishkin (2009), the southern colonies adopted the English culture and the Anglican religion and exhibited stringent adherence. The New England had the privilege of exercising political independence from the British colonial government. However, there was a level of control through central government and local governments. Concerning economics, these colonies relied on small-scale plantations under family ownership. These colonies had a social life that stood out among the rest because they build a social welfare that consisted of strongly united communities. These colonies adhered to the Calvinist religions. In the middle colonies, diversity in settlement was evident until the English created charters of their colonies. Pennsylvania rose to enjoy a democratic form of leadership granting the people voting rights. Economically, these colonies relied on artisans, small-scale farmers, and merchants. The m idle colonies had the most diverse social structure, with each colony adopting a different language and culture from the settlers. In addition, they adhered to different religious views (In Grigg, 2008). As described, colonies in the new world differed

BP Domestic and Global Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BP Domestic and Global - Essay Example BP needs to be strategic. A scenario where by there is a plan of action that channels an organization’s resources so that it can effectively differentiate itself from competitors and accomplish unique and viable goals. Strategies are organized based on the organization’s strength and weakness relative to the competition and assessing opportunities. This can be done by reducing risk. Though no business can prosper without taking risks, it is necessary to take a calculated risk so that the risk itself is managed. The company social investment can be too increased.There should a tangible demonstration of companies’ corporate citizenship philosophy. For example, Indonesian government and BP have embarked on a major initiative to develop one of the major gas fields on a partnership basis. Extracted gas is converted into liquefied natural gas (LNG) for export to global market. The firm is located in mangrove ecosystem of about 300000 hectares of land which support appr oximately 300000 households and can create conflict. To avoid this conflict, 70% of post tax revenue from the project is returned to the community improving infrastructure and government services aimed at providing lasting socio-economic benefit. Indonesia government, BP, and UNDP formulated Diversified Growth Strategy (DGS) for the community and affected project area. They have also placed special emphasis on linking Millennium Development Goal MDG1 poverty reduction and MDG7 protection of the environment (Tims, 2007).

Porter Diamond Essay Example for Free

Porter Diamond Essay Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 1. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e. g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 2. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 3. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 4. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between  management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies CGE25101 Globalization and Business Tutorial 12 Discussion Question: The Porter’s Diamond Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 5. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e.g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 6. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 7. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality  supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 8. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies CGE25101 Globalization and Business Tutorial 12 Discussion Question: The Porter’s Diamond Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 9. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e.g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 10. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 11. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 12. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies CGE25101 Globalization and Business Tutorial 12 Discussion Question: The Porter’s Diamond Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 13. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e.g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 14. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 15. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 16. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies CGE25101 Globalization and Business Tutorial 12 Discussion Question: The Porter’s Diamond Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are  leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 17. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e.g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 18. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 19. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 20. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies CGE25101 Globalization and Business Tutorial 12 Discussion Question: The Porter’s Diamond Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 21. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e.g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 22. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 23. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 24. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies CGE25101 Globalization and Business Tutorial 12 Discussion Question: The Porter’s Diamond Michael Porter put forth a theory in 1990 to explain why some countries are leaders in the production of certain products. His work incorporates certain elements of previous international trade theories but also makes some important new discoveries. He identifies four elements present to varying degrees in every nation that form the basis of national competitiveness. Analyze the current situation of Japan using the four elements of Porter’s national competitive advantage theory. Suggested Answers: 25. Factor conditions Japan possesses relatively weak basic factors but good advanced factors, e.g. availability of high quality scientist and engineers; and advanced rail road and telecommunication infrastructure. 26. Demand conditions High degree of buyer sophistication Strong preference for new product and high demand for quality products and services 27. Related and supporting industries Clusters in manufacturing sector are sustained by abundant and high quality supporting industries. For example, the automobile parts cluster in Ota City and the industrial supply base for construction machinery in Komatsu City. 28. Firm strategy and rivalry Good cooperation in labor-employer relations. Japan has traditionally lifetime employment, which helps to build good relationship between management and employees High intensity of local competition. There are large number of companies in both manufacturing and service sectors, e.g. car manufacturers and IT software companies

Leadership And Management At Apple Corporation Management Essay

Leadership And Management At Apple Corporation Management Essay Those in management position must develop a leadership style. The selection of styles is contingent on the leaders personal traits. Ultimately, the leader has to select a style that will be most effective for the situation at hand. The general leadership style includes: autocratic, democratic, participative, and laissez faire. Autocratic leaders  tend to tells subordinates what to do and expect them to do it. The subordinates of an autocratic leader are not involved in decision making and have little if any autonomy. Democratic leaders  seek input from subordinates and do what the majority of subordinates want. Some argue that a democratic leader is more of a facilitator than a leader.  Participative leaders  tend to involve subordinates in leadership activities and decision making, but ultimately they retain final authority. A  laissez-faire leader  takes a hands-off approach to leadership, allowing subordinates to make decisions. The mantra of a laissez- faire leader is Hire good people and get out of their way. In this assignment I will focus on just one type the autocratic leadership style its strenghts and weakenesses and when to use this leadership style. To support that, I will also be writing about the Apple Corporation, which includes the CEO of the Corporation Steve Jobs leadership styles and the problems he face. Autocratic leadership Autocratic leadership is an extreme form of transactional leadership, where leaders have absolute power over their workers or team. Staff and team members have little opportunity to make suggestions, even if these would be in the teams or the organizations best interest. Most people tend to resent being treated like this. Therefore, autocratic leadership usually leads to high levels of absenteeism and staff turnover. For some routine and unskilled jobs, the style can remain effective because the advantages of control may outweigh the disadvantages. Aurocratic leadership is a more traditional and classical approach to management relying upon threats and punishment to influence its employees. This style is often called the hard approach to leadership. This method, according to UT (2001) is effective for many reasons; When there is limited time to make a decision. -When there are new and untrained employees who do not know how to perform certain tasks. -When effective supervision can be provided only by orders and instruction. -When employees do not respond to other leadership styles. When work must be integrated with other departments. Mintzberg (1979) described situations in which an autocratic style was most applicable. Entrepreneurial organisations are normally smaller businesses which develop from the ideas and entrepreneurial spirit of one person. This person is responsible for their organisation and makes all the decisions the characteristics of an autocrat. The nature of these smaller organisations and the relative lack of formalisation mean that autocratic leadership is commonplace in this particular part of industry. Another situation where the autocratic leadership style proves appropriate is while doing group projects. Many group projects tend to fail because group members depend on each other to make decisions. Such situations demand the need of an authoritative leader who can make decisions for the group. The leader should determine the ways in which the project would be done, divide the job among the members, and also set a deadline for completion of the project. Though there have been cases where adopting an autocratic leadership style has led to the success of the company, it is very rare for such leaders to remain popular among the employees and workers. In a nut shell, it can be said that autocratic leadership can be accepted when the need arises, while a good leader would be a person who respects the opinions of his employees while making a decision. Autocratic leaders in the work place Autorcratic leadership in the work place will permit quick decisions, facilitates speedy implementation of plans, leaders are highly satisfied. It will also be effective when subordinates are less knowledgeable and experienced, and in case of extreme crises, this style may be the only solution. However some studies suggest that organizations with lots of autocratic leaders have higher turnover and absenteeism than other organizations.   With todays emphasis on joint decision making and empowerment, employees just entering the workforce will be highly resistant to this management style. So the autocratic leadership style should be not be used when you want to get your employees engaged in the decision making process.   Autocratic leaders are also not very effective in situations where your employees might become resentful or fearful. Finally, if your company is struggling with low morale or is interested in building employee relationships, an  autocratic leadership style  will only make things worse. The Apple Corporation Apple was launched successfully in 1976 by Founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, with the company initially growing at a tremendous rate -led by the Apple II and other state of the art computer products. In September 1997, Steve Jobs was appointed the interim CEO of leading information technology (IT) company, Apple Computers (Apple), by the Apple board. Considering the fact that the companys board itself had ousted Steve in a coup in 1983, this development was watched with interest by media and industry observers. Steves comeback was being seen as Apples desperate attempt to survive one of its worst phases: losses for 1997 amounted to $ 1.6 billion. The company reportedly needed a charismatic leader who could steer it back to profitability and revive its fortunes. Those who had followed Steves career graph over the decades were not too surprised at these developments. Steve made a successful business out of creating PCs that were not only user friendly but were also aesthetically pleasing, unlike the dull models available those days. Steves research on the Macintosh resulted in the creation of the windows interface and the mouse technology, which went on to become standards in the s oftware industry. Steve was named the Entrepreneur of the Decade in 1989 by Inc magazine. He was also placed 39th on the Advertising Age Top 100 Advertising People list. Internally Steve Jobs tends to be very authoritative, His decisions were made with minimal consultation, and his decisions were made quicker allowing him to respond to changes in the business environment more quickly. The Environmental changes which includes facing their competitors, such as Microsoft. On the other hand, because of his manipulative behavior he is considered by some of his employees as authoritative. His behavior and Autocratic style in meetings for instance is described as being rude, and obnoxious. Because of his quest for perfection he has domineering presence which makes some of the employees fear him. Figure 1.1 Apples Biggest Competitors remains to be the Microsoft Corporation. Although Bill Gates Leadership style was democratic and participative, Steve Jobs was autocratic and efficient in a way. His work is a demonstration of both innovation and creativity. He is responsible for the creation and release of the iPod and I Phones. Most people do not know this, but Apple Inc. put up overwhelming resistance when Jobs proposed the iPod idea. For Apple, that represents an impressive 250 percent revenue growth. And Due to Steves speedy decisions, Figure 1.1 shows that Apple could catch up with Microsoft as early as 2010 or 2011, given the current growth rates. Pros and Cons of Autocratic Leadership In fact we might not think there are a lot of good things to say about autocratic leaders. This style of leadership is often very stressful on fellow employees and makes the  work environment  itself not such a fun place to be.   But like all leadership styles, there is a time and a situation where the style is appropriate. style pros cons Autocratic Effective for theory X Workers Gives leader control over decisions Loses effectiveness over time Theory Y workers may not respond Does not develop future leaders Pros of Autocratic Leadership In the workplace, some conditions may simply call for urgent action, and in these cases an autocratic style of leadership may be best style to adopt. Surprisingly, most workers have already worked for an autocratic leader and therefore have little trouble adapting to that style. In fact, in times of stress or emergency some subordinates may actually prefer an autocratic style they prefer to be told exactly what to do.   So to summarize the autocratic leadership style is very effective when times are stressful, but very stressful during those times when the pressure is off the followers or coworkers. Steve Jobs in the Apple Corporation for instance preferred the autocratic style for quicker decision making and also control over his decisions. Steve Jobs is demanding both towards himself and towards his employees. His deadlines often seem impossible to meet, but is constantly moving, moving towards improvement in all spheres and fields of his work. Due to Steve Jobs high Autocratic leadership style, some ways Apple might be better off without Steve Jobs. But case in point, the rapid decisions and invention of such items as IPods, I Phones were very difficult and complex in implementation. Only an autocratic leader like Jobs could ever withstand the public outcry for such basic functionality. Cons of Autocratic Leadership The communication style of an autocratic leader is usually described as one way.   They tell you exactly what they want done.  The feedback you would get from this type of leader would generally be unplanned.  They would simply tell you when youve made a mistake. The decision making process is usually unilateral and they accomplish goals by directing people.   Now that might not sound like the type of leader youd follow. Although Steve Jobs way of leading autocratically will enable faster decisions to be made in the short term, but this will deprive subordinates of the opportunity to gain experience and start on their own leadership development, (Does not develop future leaders). The subordinates cannot learn from their mistakes, and the manager is actually de-skilling their workforce which will lead to poorer decisions and productivity in the long run. Figure 1.2 Apple Inc Vs Microsoft Company. How did Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Differ in their Leadership Style? Well, Bill gates leadership is participative style because he involves his subordinates in decision making. He is a flexible person and he recognized his role was to be visionary of the company. Whenever needed, he bring professional managing and well structure of the organization. His motivating power and involving friends to working with him became the success of Microsoft. On the other hand, Steve Jobs leadership is autocratic style, because he centralizes the authority, he never given a chance to subordinates to involving decision making. He thinks that whatever he do is right. His relation with employees is not good; he fails to motivate them in many times. His conceited and self-satisfied attitude and lack of management skills became a threat of Apples success. Conclusion So, does an autocratic style of leadership always ensure organizational success? The simple answer is no. A style of leadership can never ensure success but what it can do is to aid that process and compel it into being a success. Autocratic styles of leadership are becoming less and less applicable but there are still many contexts in which they work. Entrepreneurial organizations especially in their early and formative years rely upon this style as without it there would be no conviction and effective decision making. Where it fails is in larger organizations where employees hold greater power and there is a more formalized culture. Democracy in decision making and involving them is a key to maintaining employee motivation which is vital for the productivity of the company. Leadership is action, not position.   Donald H. Mcgannon

Chemical Castration and Physical Castration Essay -- Recidivism of Sex

A Critical Analysis of the Effects of Chemical Castration and Physical Castration on the Recidivism Rates of Sex Offenders Introduction This paper examines the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. Using theory integration or the multifactor approach, the findings reveal there are several factors influencing sex offender recidivism. Both chemical castration and physical castration have the potential to reduce the recidivism rates of sex offenders by lowering testosterone levels, diminishing sexual urges, and making sexual urges more controllable if the sexual urges are motivated by increased testosterone levels. Based on theory integration, most sex offences are not motivated by an increased testosterone level but innate biological features, psychological disorders, and social factors making chemical castration and physical castration ineffective in curing most origins of sexual deviance. Literature Review This paper presents a critical analysis of the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. In this paper, the term sex offender is defined as a person who has been convicted of a sex crime and released back into the community either directly after sentencing or after serving time in prison for the commission of the sex crime. It should be noted that both men and women commit criminal sex acts, however, this paper will focus on the male offender. First and foremost, it is of prime importance to clarify the nature of rape and sex crimes. According to Groth and Birnbaum’s study in â€Å"Men Who Rape: the Psychology of the Offender† (1979), the motivation for rape and sex crimes stems most commonly from anger and the need to dominate, terrify, and humiliate one’s victim, not from pent-up sexual desire. â€Å"Rape is an act of violence in which sex is used as a weapon† (Benedict, 1992, p.14). Rape is used to control one’s victim in the same way a gun is used to control a store clerk in a robbery. Both are methods of control in order to get what one wants. The majority of men cannot even sustain an erection or ejaculate during the commission of a sex crime (Men against Sexual Violence, 2003). Contrary to popular belief, rape is not the fulfillment of an overly stimulated libido; it is primarily a tool to exert power over a victim. Sex c... ...etreived November 26, 2003 from http://www.rainn.org/statistics.html â€Å"Recidivism of Sex Offenders†. (2001). Center for Sex Offender Management. Retrieved on October 19, 2003 from http://www.csom.org/pubs/recidsexof.html Rice, M.E., Quinsey, V.L., & Harris, G.T. (1991). Sexual recidivism among child molesters released from a maximum security institution. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 381-386. Rosler, A. & Witztum, E. (1998). â€Å"Treatment of Men with Paraphilia with a Long-Acting Analogue of Gonadotropin- Releasing Horomone†. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 416-422 Scalora, M. & Garbin, C. (2003). â€Å"A Multivariate Analysis of Sex Offender Recidivism†. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47(3), 309-323 Thornberry, Terence P. â€Å"Reflections on the advantages and disadvantages of theortical integration.† Theoretical Integration in the Study of Deviance and Crime. Ed: Messner, Krohn, and Liska. University of New York Press. Albany: NY. 1989. Tolbert, Tracy. (2004). Criminal Justice 404: Crime Theory, Causation, and Control Lecture Notes. California State University, Long Beach. (Unpublished) Chemical Castration and Physical Castration Essay -- Recidivism of Sex A Critical Analysis of the Effects of Chemical Castration and Physical Castration on the Recidivism Rates of Sex Offenders Introduction This paper examines the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. Using theory integration or the multifactor approach, the findings reveal there are several factors influencing sex offender recidivism. Both chemical castration and physical castration have the potential to reduce the recidivism rates of sex offenders by lowering testosterone levels, diminishing sexual urges, and making sexual urges more controllable if the sexual urges are motivated by increased testosterone levels. Based on theory integration, most sex offences are not motivated by an increased testosterone level but innate biological features, psychological disorders, and social factors making chemical castration and physical castration ineffective in curing most origins of sexual deviance. Literature Review This paper presents a critical analysis of the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. In this paper, the term sex offender is defined as a person who has been convicted of a sex crime and released back into the community either directly after sentencing or after serving time in prison for the commission of the sex crime. It should be noted that both men and women commit criminal sex acts, however, this paper will focus on the male offender. First and foremost, it is of prime importance to clarify the nature of rape and sex crimes. According to Groth and Birnbaum’s study in â€Å"Men Who Rape: the Psychology of the Offender† (1979), the motivation for rape and sex crimes stems most commonly from anger and the need to dominate, terrify, and humiliate one’s victim, not from pent-up sexual desire. â€Å"Rape is an act of violence in which sex is used as a weapon† (Benedict, 1992, p.14). Rape is used to control one’s victim in the same way a gun is used to control a store clerk in a robbery. Both are methods of control in order to get what one wants. The majority of men cannot even sustain an erection or ejaculate during the commission of a sex crime (Men against Sexual Violence, 2003). Contrary to popular belief, rape is not the fulfillment of an overly stimulated libido; it is primarily a tool to exert power over a victim. Sex c... ...etreived November 26, 2003 from http://www.rainn.org/statistics.html â€Å"Recidivism of Sex Offenders†. (2001). Center for Sex Offender Management. Retrieved on October 19, 2003 from http://www.csom.org/pubs/recidsexof.html Rice, M.E., Quinsey, V.L., & Harris, G.T. (1991). Sexual recidivism among child molesters released from a maximum security institution. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 381-386. Rosler, A. & Witztum, E. (1998). â€Å"Treatment of Men with Paraphilia with a Long-Acting Analogue of Gonadotropin- Releasing Horomone†. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338, 416-422 Scalora, M. & Garbin, C. (2003). â€Å"A Multivariate Analysis of Sex Offender Recidivism†. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47(3), 309-323 Thornberry, Terence P. â€Å"Reflections on the advantages and disadvantages of theortical integration.† Theoretical Integration in the Study of Deviance and Crime. Ed: Messner, Krohn, and Liska. University of New York Press. Albany: NY. 1989. Tolbert, Tracy. (2004). Criminal Justice 404: Crime Theory, Causation, and Control Lecture Notes. California State University, Long Beach. (Unpublished)

Story of Atlantis :: Research Essays Papers

Story of Atlantis Plato was the first to mention the city of Atlantis around 300 BC. He was a Greek philosopher who had studied under Socrates in Greece. Plato gave detailed stories in the books Timeus and Critias about a land that was on the fringes of what we know as the Mediterranean Sea that occurred around 9,000 years from when it was written. Atlantis was said to be bigger than Libya and Asia combined. Critias was a book based on how Atlantis came to be and stories about Atlantis. Timeus was a book of teachings in which Plato wrote about morality. Plato did not see Atlantis himself but he heard it from the Greek king Solon who had heard it from an Egyptian priest. Plato’s Critias story described the Greek gods dividing up the earth for land. Poseidon chose an island on which to build his empire. Poseidon had five sets of twins with his wife Helios; a female mortal. The Island was divided up amongst the sons by the eldest. Atlas was the eldest son and was given control of the city in the m iddle of the Island. Atlantis had cities with brilliant architecture and bountiful plains all on one island. The plains supported rare animals such as elephants, and that the land was rich with minerals and metals including gold, silver and copper. The inner area of Atlantis was main city then a moat around the first city and then a circular piece of concrete/land and then water again. This pattern was said to continue a six or seven more times until solid land and plains were throughout the rest of the Island populated with cities and canals. Atlantis was seamed with gold, copper and Iron. It is also described in Plato’s books that with this wealth that the Atlantean’s built a magnificent fighting force of 10,000 chariots, 24,000 ships, 60,000 officers, 120,000 hoplites (elite warriors) and 600,000 archers. The area was also dominated by many mountains. Atlantis also is the set of many stories and myths from Plato’s teachings but scientists today say that Atlantis also could have been created by Plato to illustrate a variety of teachings. This would explain the story of Atlantis being destroyed; being a demonstration that any advanced civilization tries to conquer Greece would be destroyed. Plato gave related to greed and morality using Atlantis as a reference.

Evolution vs Intelligent Design Essay -- Evolution and Philosophy, 201

The suggested separation between church and state in contemporary America is not what the framers of our constitution and our country had in mind as they wrote the words â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.† After deconstructing the words, the most insignificant adjective â€Å"an,† tells us that the framers wanted to restrain Congress from installing any one religion as the official religion of the state. Those immortal words say nothing about religion informing congress or society on policy, education, or progress. I maintain that the first amendment’s establishment clause regarding religion was to protect citizens’ free exercise of religion from state interests and not to protect state interests from religion. So while the idea of separation between church and state is aged, it is also radically inaccurate and a misinterpretation of the first amendment. In fact the assum ed existence and enactment of such a radical ideal has caused a violation of the ninth amendment as well which states, â€Å"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.† I ascertain that restriction in education against material because of its source, intelligent design’s (ID) link to creationism in this case, is a violation of the first amendment’s free speech clause and further misinterpretation of the first amendment to exclude material because of its arguably religious source is a violation of the ninth amendment. For these reasons in this document I am going to assess popular evolutionary theory versus the ID argument to expose both as religious worldviews that should be taught not in science class but... ...es. Reprint of sixth edition PF Collier, New York, 1900 Appleman, Philip. Darwin. Norton & Company, New York, 2001 Segers, Mary and Ted Jelen. A Wall of Separation? Rowman & Littlefield, Maryland, 1998 Miller, Kenneth. Findings Darwin’s God. Cliff Street Books, New York, 1999 ACLU Website. American Civil Liberties Union. Web 25 Apr. 2015. http://www.aclu.org/ReligiousLiberty/ReligiousLibertyMain.cfm http://www.aclu.org/ReligiousLiberty/ReligiousLiberty.cfm?ID=18587&c=38 Unofficial Arizona State University Website. Arizona State University Student Affairs. Web 25 Apr. 2015. http://www.sundevilweb.com/poll.aspx?poll=2 Wikipedia Website. Wikipedia On-line Encyclopedia. Web 25 Apr. 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy Talk Origins Website. Talk Origins Archive. Web 25 Apr. 2015. http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil.html

Education Essay

â€Å"Education isn’t †¦. putting knowledge into souls that lack it, like putting sight into blind eyes†¦. The power to learn is present in everyone’s soul and †¦. the instrument with which each learns is like an eye that cannot be turned around from darkness to light without turning the whole body†¦. Education is the craft concerned with doing this very thing, this turning around, and with how the soul can most easily and effectively be made to do it†¦.. Education takes for granted that sight is there but that it isn’t turned the right way or looking where it ought to look, and it tries to redirect it appropriately. [518c-518d] This passage is from Plato, Republic VII, that talks about the education in particular. Plato emphasizes the description of education mainly of what it is and what it is not. In the first reading of this passage, you might experience getting confuse from the reality of what is education and the side of education not seen by man. At first, the reader might consider the viewpoints in this passage as unified to form a single thought or otherwise, to direct two different emphases in one unified thought. Singular thoughts perceiving contradictions and judgment may also arise. The intrinsic factor revolving in this passage is the value embedded in the word education. During the times of famous philosophers, Socrates and Plato, wisdom is indeed as valuable as gold. The value of human intellect is far more than the value of a castle. That is how they give importance in achieving wisdom. Education is everything for them. There are various points that identify the meaning of Plato’s Education that is being addressed not only to Socrates but also to the reader itself. Analyzing the passage reveals two opposing ideas embedded in this Plato’s perspective. Let us try to examine the passage, piece by piece. â€Å"Education takes for granted that sight is there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this part, Plato emphasizes two different terms particularly Education and Sight. Education is an important aspect in our society. According to the book, The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality, written by Wakefield (1983), the passage in Plato’s The Republic 518d reveals that an object of education is the moral-intellectual â€Å"turning of the soul. † The Christians are using this passage in order to imbue justification in their religious belief of renewed life. As for the Christians, they believe that acceptance of the Lord Jesus Christ can renew your life provided you are willing and humble enough to confess all your sins. This belief requires education for you to be aware of such existence. As the term implies, education can cause â€Å"turning of the soul. † Awareness is the fundamental gift that education brings to a person, hence revealing to the person the things he or she needs to know (p. 96). The term sight refers directly to what can the eyes perceive. It is the sensorial and physical perspective of what education is. As the saying implies, To see is to Believe. † The beginning of wisdom is not by seeing but by believing. The sight can only help you see what is physically present however, it does not reveal to you the principles, fundamentals and concepts that are indeed invisible to our eyes. Not everything is feasible to the eyes. The world may be present just the way it is seen by our naked eyes, however think of those things not yet revealed to us: those things that all the while we thought myths, stories and legends. Are these things false, human imagination, or only made up by the playful minds of our ancestors? Or, truth?  The contradicting concepts of sight and awareness through education collide in the case of material truth versus assuming truth. According to the passage, provides truth based on not only perceivable substances or materials but also those things that are unperceivable by any of our sensations. However, sight provides truth based on the material presence, actual existence and capacity to be perceived by the senses. This, however, is taken for granted by education. It pierces right into those things that are existing and reveals those things that are existing yet, not existing to the eyes. But that it isn’t turned the right way†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The word â€Å"that† pertains to education and not the sight. Education in this viewpoint is being redirected, not by sight nor any other means indicated. There are no mentioned evident factors that facilitate the redirection of education. In fact, this is ironic in the first statement. As analyzed in the first statement, education brings forth awareness however; in the next parts, it becomes redirected. If this is the case, then confusion is now present. If logic is applied then this means education is bringing in a redirected awareness. This condition manifests in some points of our lives. We thought that awareness brought by education is already the true and final awareness; however, in the end, we end up realizing that beliefs of ours are misconceptions. These are wrong beliefs that all the while we thought the right thing to follow. We move in this passage of redirected awareness. The next passage follows up, â€Å"Or looking where it ought to look †¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this phrase, the situation of education becomes quite changing. Education is likened to a person who can look back to the place that the person should be. In this case, awareness occurs in awareness as education realizes its direction. Education produces realization and this realization helps awareness to be redirected† is a complete statement of Irony if logic is applied. There are evident situation in which this case manifests in our lives. These conditions are those things that we do yet, we realize that we are not supposed to do this. However, out of pressing circumstances, we are forced to do such action, and the only thing that we can do is to look back and think about the things that we are suppose to do. Education’s awareness does not always fulfill its purpose of deviating our way. It helps us realize because we are aware but realizing is different from redirecting. In this phase, what we know is right. It is not anymore misconception because we know and we have justified its truth. The only problem is we do not put into action those things that we know. Lastly, â€Å"and it tries to redirect it appropriately†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is the start of redirection. In this phase, truth, realization and decision making finally occurs. Education decides to bring about the reality of what is really happening and negating the influence of wrong directions. In the latter phases, first, truth is not present and other factors as well. Second, truth is already present as well as realization however, redirection is not yet beginning. In this phase, it is the start of new life. Education really means â€Å"turning of the soul. † The process that involves is very delicate and evident as well. The conditions in this phase occur in our lives. There are cases wherein we realize the truth of the situation, and then proceeds in the identification of those influencing factors that provided the wrong truth. After finding them, we analyze and provide solutions to correct this misconception source. The product of this correction, however, does not produce perfection of actions. Misconception is corrected by the reality of truth. However, truth varies from people to people’s perception and opinion. This condition might place a person into bondage of so-called truth. Again, we can consider this as misconception, however another case occurs wherein we become aware of the truth yet we cannot escape the misconceptions entangling our mobility. If we identify these entangling factors and decide in ourselves to be free from these entrapments, then we are indeed moving, redirecting and becoming appropriate. Education in the passe shows a man’s cycle of being trapped from wrong truth and turning out from this trap. This condition brings the ideal and right truths however, in the end it is still human beings. We hold our own lives. We hold our decisions. We hold our future. Awareness is their waiting to be heard and waiting to be perceived. Therefore, suffering from misconception is not always an excuse as well us ignorance, hence the saying â€Å"ignorance does not excuse any person from the law† is indeed true. It is our part to do the â€Å"turning of soul. † Education is not everything. By having the right education and our actions joint together is considered the fulfillment of everything we ought to do. Plato is in the end is right about his passage.

Consultant’s Skills Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the corporate world, there is always a need to structure the best possible process of production. In this integral approach, a consultant’s skills can be utilized in order to provide a different or better insight about the needs of the company as well as to guide it for a better path of development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A consultant is someone who has gained expertise about a particular field of study, research or work. He provides an advice in order to proceed with a particular action (Wikipedia, 2007). In this aspect, consultants are invited in most company functions to share his thoughts and assumptions about a certain business dilemma. Of course, these assumptions do not always reflect that of an enterprise solution but can also be used for some research and development principles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several responsibilities that a consultant needs to accomplish for a company. First, he needs to provide the most effective ways of dealing with a problem to the fullest of his knowledge. Second, he should communicate in the best possible way, probably in layman’s terms, what he thinks is the best approach in getting a resolution for a particular concern. Third, he must have quite a number of credible materials or resources that he can present to support his claims. Of course, there should be minimal questions about his skills since the company has hired him to become a consultant. But in order to gain a wider perspective of his talents, supporting materials must be available.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is a general classification of consultants, the internal and external ones. The main difference between the two can be identified on the way their skills are used for the company processes. It may be thought that external consultants work as freelancers who may then be regarded as a â€Å"contractor† (Friedl) while the internal counterpart is an in-house consultant engaged in direct company decisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the aspect of contributions, there might be a slight difference between the two categories. Internal consultants are more exposed to company operations which is of great advantage in sending information efficiently and in a faster way. They can utilize the core skills needed for a resolution (Robertson). On the other hand, external consultants may also provide the same quality of logical problem solving but it would probably take longer since he needs to first see the big picture of the problem before coming up with a solution. References Friedl, S. N.D. â€Å"So you want to be a consultant?† Unixwiz. Retrieved January 11, 2008 from http://unixwiz.net/techtips/be-consultant.html. Robertson, S. N.D. Experiences in Growing Internal Consultants with Object-oriented Skills. The Atlantic Systems Guild. Retrieved January 11, 2008 from http://www.systemsguild.com/GuildSite/SQR/internal_Consultants.html. Wikipedia. 2007. Consultant. Wikipedia-The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 11, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultant.

Inmates Welfare and Development

Chapter 1 THE RESEARCH PROBLEMIntroductionThe Bureau of Jail Management and Penology envisions itself as a dynamic institution highly regarded for its sustained humane safekeeping and development of inmates. This is indeed a very noble vision which has guided the institution over the last 20 years. With this, the Bureau aims to enhance public safety by providing humane safekeeping and development of inmates.In line with the vision, the Bureau endeavors to formulate policies and guidelines in the administration of all district, city and municipal jails nationwide, provide for the basic needs of inmates, and conduct activities for the development of inmates to ultimately improve their living conditions in accordance with the accepted standards set by the United Nations. Our Constitution provides that any person accused of committing a crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.Thus, a person charged with a crime should not be denied of his freedom to choose and li ve at par with other innocent people who are not incarcerated, unless there is a good reason. In connection to this, the government is a party to several Geneva Conventions such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, to name a few.Our government’s formal commitment to principles of human rights and international humanitarian law has been translated into various local laws and foremost is the 1987 Philippine Constitution which has often been referred to as the Human Rights Constitution. However, in spite of all these international and local laws, the government is still unable to comply with its obligations because of very limited resources. As a result, most of our jails are unpleasant and dehumanizing.It dwells stress, boredom and can even harm the individuals and their visiting families in countless ways. It is therefore a great challenge on the part of the administration of the BJM P to efficiently and effectively utilize its resources in the implementation of its mandate. And to address the increasing and recurring problems inside detention facilities not to mention the different personalities and varied needs of inmates, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology has intensified the implementation of the Inmates Welfare and Development Program.Theoretical Framework This study is anchored on the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs which states that if motivation is driven by the existence of unsatisfied needs, then it is worthwhile for a manager to understand which needs are more important for every individual under his/her management. In this regard, Abraham Maslow developed a model in which basic, low-level needs such as physiological requirements and safety must be satisfied before higher-level needs such as self-fulfillment are pursued.In this hierarchical model, when a need is mostly satisfied, it no longer motivates and the next higher need takes its pla ce. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is shown in the following diagram:Figure 1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs The Physiological Needs are those required to sustain life, such as air, water, nourishment, and sleep. According to Maslow’s theory, if such needs are not satisfied then one’s motivation will arise from the quest to satisfy them. Higher needs such as social needs and esteem are not felt until one has met the needs basic to one’s bodily functioning.For the Safety Need, once physiological needs are met, one’s attention turns to safety and security in order to be free from the threat of physical and emotional harm. Such needs might be fulfilled by living in a safe area, medical insurance, job security and financial reserves. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, if a person feels that he or she is harm’s way, higher needs will not receive much attention. Then once a person has met the lower level of physiological and safety needs, h igher level needs become important, the first of which are Social Needs.Social needs are those related to interaction with other people and may include need for friends, need for belonging, need to give and receive love. Then, once a person feels a sense of â€Å"belongingness†, the need to feel important arises. Esteem Needs may be classified as internal or external. Internal esteem needs are those related to self-esteem such as self-respect and recognition. Some esteem needs are self-respect, achievement, attention, recognition, and reputation.Maslow later refined his model to include a level between esteem needs and self-actualization: the need for knowledge and aesthetics. Next is the Self-actualization Need, it is the summit of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It is the quest of reaching one’s full potential as a person. Unlike lower level needs, this need is never fully satisfied; as one grows psychologically, there are always new opportunities to continue to grow. Self-actualized people tend to have needs such as truth, justice, wisdom, and meaning.Self-actualized persons have frequent occurrences of peak experiences, which are energized moments of profound happiness and harmony. According to Maslow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualization. This study was based on the above mentioned theory because it is inherent for Jail Officers to safeguard the conditions of inmates inside jails and to develop their personalities. Jail Officers have a major role to help these individuals help themselves for them to become a law-abiding member of the society and be a productive one.Hypothesis The different programs, projects and activities of the Inmates Welfare and Development Program of the Laoag City Jail are very relevant to the holistic development, welfare and rehabilitation of the inmates during their incarceration through the efficient implementation of the concerned BJMP personnel. Statement of the Pr oblem The study aimed to assess the implementation of the Inmates Welfare and Development Program at Laoag City jail.Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:1.What are the different programs, projects and activities being undertaken at the Laoag City Jail to address the welfare and development of the inmates?2. Who are responsible in the implementation of the different programs, projects and activities of the IWD Section?3. How does the jail administration source out funds to realize and implement the various programs, projects and activities of the IWD Program?4. What is/are the perception/s of the inmates on the implementation of the different programs, projects and activities undertaken by the IWD Section in terms of 2. Relevance; and 2. 2 Efficiency5. Are the programs, projects and activities of the IWDP effective in advancing the welfare and development of the inmate s during their incarceration? Significance of the Study This study shall be beneficial to the following: The Lawmakers. The result of this study would help our lawmakers in crafting and promulgating laws to improve the living conditions of persons deprived of liberty and promote the general welfare and development of these inmates. The Jail Bureau.The outcome of the study would be of great help to the top management of the Bureau in drawing out and formulating programs and policies for the strict implementation of the IWD Program. The Inmates. The welfare and condition of inmates is the primordial concern of the BJMP. The insights provided in this study will serve as a basis to enhance their situation while being incarcerated conforming to the United Nation’s standard in the treatment of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL). The Community.The community which is composed of the families, the academe, various government and non-government organizations, cause-oriented groups, several religious groups and other capable and concerned private individuals who are actively supp orting the programs of the Bureau would use this study as a stepping stone towards building lasting partnership with the BJMP, working together as one, sharing a collective, comprehensive and a holistic approach to help the plights of the PDLs. The Researchers.Other than for the compliance for the requirement of the course, this work would satisfy the healthy and curious minds of the researchers on the different activities of the inmates during their incarceration. Moreover, the joy of sharing a humble contribution for the future of BJMP and its clientele is a joy so profound. This paper would also serve as a guide along the way for the researchers who have the same concern and passion for a humane safekeeping and development of inmates and might consider working and building a career with BJMP. Scope and Delimitations of the StudyThe study deals with the determination of the different programs projects and activities undertaken by the Inmates Welfare and Development Section of the jail and the different personalities involved in its implementation. It is also geared to establish the perception of the personnel and inmates on the relevance and efficiency of the different programs, projects and activities of the IWD Section of the jail. In the conduct of the interview, it was limited only for the concerned personnel involved in the implementation of the Inmates Welfare and Development Program of the jail.For the inmates as respondents in the survey, a certain number of inmates from each of the eight (8) cells of the jail were included to represent the total number of inmates’ jail population. The Laoag City Jail was chosen to be the locale of the study. It is interesting to note that the Laoag City Jail has won the Best City Jail award in Region 1 for two consecutive years because of the intensified implementation of the IWD Program. It was also nominated as Best City Jail nationwide for the year 2011. Definition of Terms To better understand the study, the following terms are defined operationally and contextually:BJMP. This stands for the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. Cell. It is a place inside the jail wherein the inmates are confined. City Jail. This refers to the Laoag City Jail which houses detainees awaiting judicial disposition of their cases and prisoners whose sentences ranged from one day to three years. Community. It is a group of interacting people living in a common location. Court Order. This is a legal document or proclamation in which a court orders a person to perform a specific act, prohibits from performing an act, sets a court date, or legally establishes something.Detainee. This refers to the accused person of a crime before a court or competent authority that is temporarily confined in jail undergoing investigation and trials or awaiting for final judgment and conviction. Efficiency. The quality or property of being efficient that is the degree to which this quality is being exercised. Implementatio n. This refers to the carrying out or physical realization of the program. Inmates. This refers to either a prisoner or detainee confined inside jail. IWDP. Inmates Welfare and Development Program Personnel.This refers to a bona fide member of the BJMP. PDL. This refers to persons Deprived of Liberty. These are detainees who are incarcerated pending trial and/or final judgment. It includes all persons who are arrested, detained, imprisoned or otherwise under custody of government authorities. PDLs maybe held in jails, prisons, detention centers, â€Å"lock-ups†, hospitals, rehabilitation centers elsewhere. Relevance. This refers to the applicability or helpfulness of the different programs, projects and activities; applicability to social issues. TCMP. Therapeutic Community Modality Program Inmates Welfare and Development Chapter 1 THE RESEARCH PROBLEMIntroductionThe Bureau of Jail Management and Penology envisions itself as a dynamic institution highly regarded for its sustained humane safekeeping and development of inmates. This is indeed a very noble vision which has guided the institution over the last 20 years. With this, the Bureau aims to enhance public safety by providing humane safekeeping and development of inmates.In line with the vision, the Bureau endeavors to formulate policies and guidelines in the administration of all district, city and municipal jails nationwide, provide for the basic needs of inmates, and conduct activities for the development of inmates to ultimately improve their living conditions in accordance with the accepted standards set by the United Nations. Our Constitution provides that any person accused of committing a crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.Thus, a person charged with a crime should not be denied of his freedom to choose and li ve at par with other innocent people who are not incarcerated, unless there is a good reason. In connection to this, the government is a party to several Geneva Conventions such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, to name a few.Our government’s formal commitment to principles of human rights and international humanitarian law has been translated into various local laws and foremost is the 1987 Philippine Constitution which has often been referred to as the Human Rights Constitution. However, in spite of all these international and local laws, the government is still unable to comply with its obligations because of very limited resources. As a result, most of our jails are unpleasant and dehumanizing.It dwells stress, boredom and can even harm the individuals and their visiting families in countless ways. It is therefore a great challenge on the part of the administration of the BJM P to efficiently and effectively utilize its resources in the implementation of its mandate. And to address the increasing and recurring problems inside detention facilities not to mention the different personalities and varied needs of inmates, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology has intensified the implementation of the Inmates Welfare and Development Program.Theoretical Framework This study is anchored on the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs which states that if motivation is driven by the existence of unsatisfied needs, then it is worthwhile for a manager to understand which needs are more important for every individual under his/her management. In this regard, Abraham Maslow developed a model in which basic, low-level needs such as physiological requirements and safety must be satisfied before higher-level needs such as self-fulfillment are pursued.In this hierarchical model, when a need is mostly satisfied, it no longer motivates and the next higher need takes its pla ce. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is shown in the following diagram:Figure 1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs The Physiological Needs are those required to sustain life, such as air, water, nourishment, and sleep. According to Maslow’s theory, if such needs are not satisfied then one’s motivation will arise from the quest to satisfy them. Higher needs such as social needs and esteem are not felt until one has met the needs basic to one’s bodily functioning.For the Safety Need, once physiological needs are met, one’s attention turns to safety and security in order to be free from the threat of physical and emotional harm. Such needs might be fulfilled by living in a safe area, medical insurance, job security and financial reserves. According to Maslow’s hierarchy, if a person feels that he or she is harm’s way, higher needs will not receive much attention. Then once a person has met the lower level of physiological and safety needs, h igher level needs become important, the first of which are Social Needs.Social needs are those related to interaction with other people and may include need for friends, need for belonging, need to give and receive love. Then, once a person feels a sense of â€Å"belongingness†, the need to feel important arises. Esteem Needs may be classified as internal or external. Internal esteem needs are those related to self-esteem such as self-respect and recognition. Some esteem needs are self-respect, achievement, attention, recognition, and reputation.Maslow later refined his model to include a level between esteem needs and self-actualization: the need for knowledge and aesthetics. Next is the Self-actualization Need, it is the summit of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It is the quest of reaching one’s full potential as a person. Unlike lower level needs, this need is never fully satisfied; as one grows psychologically, there are always new opportunities to continue to grow. Self-actualized people tend to have needs such as truth, justice, wisdom, and meaning.Self-actualized persons have frequent occurrences of peak experiences, which are energized moments of profound happiness and harmony. According to Maslow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualization. This study was based on the above mentioned theory because it is inherent for Jail Officers to safeguard the conditions of inmates inside jails and to develop their personalities. Jail Officers have a major role to help these individuals help themselves for them to become a law-abiding member of the society and be a productive one.Hypothesis The different programs, projects and activities of the Inmates Welfare and Development Program of the Laoag City Jail are very relevant to the holistic development, welfare and rehabilitation of the inmates during their incarceration through the efficient implementation of the concerned BJMP personnel. Statement of the Pr oblem The study aimed to assess the implementation of the Inmates Welfare and Development Program at Laoag City jail.Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:1.What are the different programs, projects and activities being undertaken at the Laoag City Jail to address the welfare and development of the inmates?2. Who are responsible in the implementation of the different programs, projects and activities of the IWD Section?3. How does the jail administration source out funds to realize and implement the various programs, projects and activities of the IWD Program?4. What is/are the perception/s of the inmates on the implementation of the different programs, projects and activities undertaken by the IWD Section in terms of 2. Relevance; and 2. 2 Efficiency5. Are the programs, projects and activities of the IWDP effective in advancing the welfare and development of the inmate s during their incarceration? Significance of the Study This study shall be beneficial to the following: The Lawmakers. The result of this study would help our lawmakers in crafting and promulgating laws to improve the living conditions of persons deprived of liberty and promote the general welfare and development of these inmates. The Jail Bureau.The outcome of the study would be of great help to the top management of the Bureau in drawing out and formulating programs and policies for the strict implementation of the IWD Program. The Inmates. The welfare and condition of inmates is the primordial concern of the BJMP. The insights provided in this study will serve as a basis to enhance their situation while being incarcerated conforming to the United Nation’s standard in the treatment of Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL). The Community.The community which is composed of the families, the academe, various government and non-government organizations, cause-oriented groups, several religious groups and other capable and concerned private individuals who are actively supp orting the programs of the Bureau would use this study as a stepping stone towards building lasting partnership with the BJMP, working together as one, sharing a collective, comprehensive and a holistic approach to help the plights of the PDLs. The Researchers.Other than for the compliance for the requirement of the course, this work would satisfy the healthy and curious minds of the researchers on the different activities of the inmates during their incarceration. Moreover, the joy of sharing a humble contribution for the future of BJMP and its clientele is a joy so profound. This paper would also serve as a guide along the way for the researchers who have the same concern and passion for a humane safekeeping and development of inmates and might consider working and building a career with BJMP. Scope and Delimitations of the StudyThe study deals with the determination of the different programs projects and activities undertaken by the Inmates Welfare and Development Section of the jail and the different personalities involved in its implementation. It is also geared to establish the perception of the personnel and inmates on the relevance and efficiency of the different programs, projects and activities of the IWD Section of the jail. In the conduct of the interview, it was limited only for the concerned personnel involved in the implementation of the Inmates Welfare and Development Program of the jail.For the inmates as respondents in the survey, a certain number of inmates from each of the eight (8) cells of the jail were included to represent the total number of inmates’ jail population. The Laoag City Jail was chosen to be the locale of the study. It is interesting to note that the Laoag City Jail has won the Best City Jail award in Region 1 for two consecutive years because of the intensified implementation of the IWD Program. It was also nominated as Best City Jail nationwide for the year 2011. Definition of Terms To better understand the study, the following terms are defined operationally and contextually:BJMP. This stands for the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. Cell. It is a place inside the jail wherein the inmates are confined. City Jail. This refers to the Laoag City Jail which houses detainees awaiting judicial disposition of their cases and prisoners whose sentences ranged from one day to three years. Community. It is a group of interacting people living in a common location. Court Order. This is a legal document or proclamation in which a court orders a person to perform a specific act, prohibits from performing an act, sets a court date, or legally establishes something.Detainee. This refers to the accused person of a crime before a court or competent authority that is temporarily confined in jail undergoing investigation and trials or awaiting for final judgment and conviction. Efficiency. The quality or property of being efficient that is the degree to which this quality is being exercised. Implementatio n. This refers to the carrying out or physical realization of the program. Inmates. This refers to either a prisoner or detainee confined inside jail. IWDP. Inmates Welfare and Development Program Personnel.This refers to a bona fide member of the BJMP. PDL. This refers to persons Deprived of Liberty. These are detainees who are incarcerated pending trial and/or final judgment. It includes all persons who are arrested, detained, imprisoned or otherwise under custody of government authorities. PDLs maybe held in jails, prisons, detention centers, â€Å"lock-ups†, hospitals, rehabilitation centers elsewhere. Relevance. This refers to the applicability or helpfulness of the different programs, projects and activities; applicability to social issues. TCMP. Therapeutic Community Modality Program